International System of unit (SI) : Pressure=Pascal
Pascal | Kilopascal | Hectopascal | Megapascal | Bar | Atmosphere | Torr | Millimeter of Mercury | Pound per Square Inch | Pound per Square Foot | Kilogram per Square Meter | Newton per Square Meter | Dyne per Square Centimeter | Standard Atmosphere | Stagnation Pressure | Specific Pressure | Gauge Pressure | Absolute Pressure | Torr (Atmospheric Pressure) | Inches of Mercury | Millibar | Pound per Square Meter | Millimeter of Water | Centimeter of Water | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pascal | 1 | 1,000 | 100 | 1.0000e+6 | 1.0000e+5 | 1.0133e+5 | 133.322 | 133.322 | 6,894.76 | 47.88 | 9.807 | 1 | 0.1 | 1.0133e+5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 133.322 | 3,386.39 | 100 | 0.205 | 9.807 | 98.067 |
Kilopascal | 0.001 | 1 | 0.1 | 1,000 | 100 | 101.325 | 0.133 | 0.133 | 6.895 | 0.048 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0 | 101.325 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.133 | 3.386 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.098 |
Hectopascal | 0.01 | 10 | 1 | 1.0000e+4 | 1,000 | 1,013.25 | 1.333 | 1.333 | 68.948 | 0.479 | 0.098 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 1,013.25 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.333 | 33.864 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.098 | 0.981 |
Megapascal | 1.0000e-6 | 0.001 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.101 | 0 | 0 | 0.007 | 4.7880e-5 | 9.8066e-6 | 1.0000e-6 | 1.0000e-7 | 0.101 | 1.0000e-6 | 1.0000e-6 | 1.0000e-6 | 1.0000e-6 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 2.0480e-7 | 9.8066e-6 | 9.8067e-5 |
Bar | 1.0000e-5 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 10 | 1 | 1.013 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.069 | 0 | 9.8067e-5 | 1.0000e-5 | 1.0000e-6 | 1.013 | 1.0000e-5 | 1.0000e-5 | 1.0000e-5 | 1.0000e-5 | 0.001 | 0.034 | 0.001 | 2.0480e-6 | 9.8067e-5 | 0.001 |
Atmosphere | 9.8692e-6 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 9.869 | 0.987 | 1 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.068 | 0 | 9.6784e-5 | 9.8692e-6 | 9.8692e-7 | 1 | 9.8692e-6 | 9.8692e-6 | 9.8692e-6 | 9.8692e-6 | 0.001 | 0.033 | 0.001 | 2.0212e-6 | 9.6784e-5 | 0.001 |
Torr | 0.008 | 7.501 | 0.75 | 7,500.638 | 750.064 | 760.002 | 1 | 1 | 51.715 | 0.359 | 0.074 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 760.002 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 1 | 25.4 | 0.75 | 0.002 | 0.074 | 0.736 |
Millimeter of Mercury | 0.008 | 7.501 | 0.75 | 7,500.638 | 750.064 | 760.002 | 1 | 1 | 51.715 | 0.359 | 0.074 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 760.002 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 1 | 25.4 | 0.75 | 0.002 | 0.074 | 0.736 |
Pound per Square Inch | 0 | 0.145 | 0.015 | 145.038 | 14.504 | 14.696 | 0.019 | 0.019 | 1 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0 | 1.4504e-5 | 14.696 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.019 | 0.491 | 0.015 | 2.9704e-5 | 0.001 | 0.014 |
Pound per Square Foot | 0.021 | 20.885 | 2.089 | 2.0885e+4 | 2,088.542 | 2,116.215 | 2.784 | 2.784 | 144 | 1 | 0.205 | 0.021 | 0.002 | 2,116.215 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 2.784 | 70.726 | 2.089 | 0.004 | 0.205 | 2.048 |
Kilogram per Square Meter | 0.102 | 101.972 | 10.197 | 1.0197e+5 | 1.0197e+4 | 1.0332e+4 | 13.595 | 13.595 | 703.07 | 4.882 | 1 | 0.102 | 0.01 | 1.0332e+4 | 0.102 | 0.102 | 0.102 | 0.102 | 13.595 | 345.316 | 10.197 | 0.021 | 1 | 10 |
Newton per Square Meter | 1 | 1,000 | 100 | 1.0000e+6 | 1.0000e+5 | 1.0133e+5 | 133.322 | 133.322 | 6,894.76 | 47.88 | 9.807 | 1 | 0.1 | 1.0133e+5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 133.322 | 3,386.39 | 100 | 0.205 | 9.807 | 98.067 |
Dyne per Square Centimeter | 10 | 1.0000e+4 | 1,000 | 1.0000e+7 | 1.0000e+6 | 1.0133e+6 | 1,333.22 | 1,333.22 | 6.8948e+4 | 478.803 | 98.066 | 10 | 1 | 1.0133e+6 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 1,333.22 | 3.3864e+4 | 1,000 | 2.048 | 98.066 | 980.665 |
Standard Atmosphere | 9.8692e-6 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 9.869 | 0.987 | 1 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.068 | 0 | 9.6784e-5 | 9.8692e-6 | 9.8692e-7 | 1 | 9.8692e-6 | 9.8692e-6 | 9.8692e-6 | 9.8692e-6 | 0.001 | 0.033 | 0.001 | 2.0212e-6 | 9.6784e-5 | 0.001 |
Stagnation Pressure | 1 | 1,000 | 100 | 1.0000e+6 | 1.0000e+5 | 1.0133e+5 | 133.322 | 133.322 | 6,894.76 | 47.88 | 9.807 | 1 | 0.1 | 1.0133e+5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 133.322 | 3,386.39 | 100 | 0.205 | 9.807 | 98.067 |
Specific Pressure | 1 | 1,000 | 100 | 1.0000e+6 | 1.0000e+5 | 1.0133e+5 | 133.322 | 133.322 | 6,894.76 | 47.88 | 9.807 | 1 | 0.1 | 1.0133e+5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 133.322 | 3,386.39 | 100 | 0.205 | 9.807 | 98.067 |
Gauge Pressure | 1 | 1,000 | 100 | 1.0000e+6 | 1.0000e+5 | 1.0133e+5 | 133.322 | 133.322 | 6,894.76 | 47.88 | 9.807 | 1 | 0.1 | 1.0133e+5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 133.322 | 3,386.39 | 100 | 0.205 | 9.807 | 98.067 |
Absolute Pressure | 1 | 1,000 | 100 | 1.0000e+6 | 1.0000e+5 | 1.0133e+5 | 133.322 | 133.322 | 6,894.76 | 47.88 | 9.807 | 1 | 0.1 | 1.0133e+5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 133.322 | 3,386.39 | 100 | 0.205 | 9.807 | 98.067 |
Torr (Atmospheric Pressure) | 0.008 | 7.501 | 0.75 | 7,500.638 | 750.064 | 760.002 | 1 | 1 | 51.715 | 0.359 | 0.074 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 760.002 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 1 | 25.4 | 0.75 | 0.002 | 0.074 | 0.736 |
Inches of Mercury | 0 | 0.295 | 0.03 | 295.3 | 29.53 | 29.921 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 2.036 | 0.014 | 0.003 | 0 | 2.9530e-5 | 29.921 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.039 | 1 | 0.03 | 6.0477e-5 | 0.003 | 0.029 |
Millibar | 0.01 | 10 | 1 | 1.0000e+4 | 1,000 | 1,013.25 | 1.333 | 1.333 | 68.948 | 0.479 | 0.098 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 1,013.25 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.333 | 33.864 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.098 | 0.981 |
Pound per Square Meter | 4.883 | 4,882.813 | 488.281 | 4.8828e+6 | 4.8828e+5 | 4.9475e+5 | 650.986 | 650.986 | 3.3666e+4 | 233.791 | 47.884 | 4.883 | 0.488 | 4.9475e+5 | 4.883 | 4.883 | 4.883 | 4.883 | 650.986 | 1.6535e+4 | 488.281 | 1 | 47.884 | 478.84 |
Millimeter of Water | 0.102 | 101.972 | 10.197 | 1.0197e+5 | 1.0197e+4 | 1.0332e+4 | 13.595 | 13.595 | 703.07 | 4.882 | 1 | 0.102 | 0.01 | 1.0332e+4 | 0.102 | 0.102 | 0.102 | 0.102 | 13.595 | 345.316 | 10.197 | 0.021 | 1 | 10 |
Centimeter of Water | 0.01 | 10.197 | 1.02 | 1.0197e+4 | 1,019.716 | 1,033.227 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 70.307 | 0.488 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 1,033.227 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.36 | 34.532 | 1.02 | 0.002 | 0.1 | 1 |
Pressure is defined as the force exerted per unit area. It is a fundamental physical quantity that plays a critical role in various scientific and engineering applications. The standard unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa), which is equivalent to one newton per square meter. Other commonly used units include kilopascal (kPa), bar, and atmosphere (atm).
Pressure measurements are standardized to ensure consistency across various applications. The International System of Units (SI) recognizes the Pascal as the standard unit, while other units like bar and atmosphere are widely used in specific contexts. Understanding these units is essential for accurate pressure conversions and calculations.
The concept of pressure has evolved significantly since its inception. Early scientists, such as Blaise Pascal, contributed to our understanding of fluid mechanics and pressure. Over the years, various units have been developed to measure pressure, leading to the standardization we see today.
To illustrate pressure calculation, consider a scenario where a force of 100 newtons is applied over an area of 2 square meters. The pressure can be calculated using the formula:
[ \text{Pressure (Pa)} = \frac{\text{Force (N)}}{\text{Area (m}^2\text{)}} ]
Thus, the pressure would be:
[ \text{Pressure} = \frac{100 \text{ N}}{2 \text{ m}^2} = 50 \text{ Pa} ]
Different units of pressure are used in various fields:
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